Methodology
Major (frictional) head loss follows the Darcy-Weisbach equation, with the Darcy friction factor computed via the Swamee-Jain explicit approximation of the Colebrook-White equation for turbulent flow, or f = 64/Re for laminar flow (Re < 2300).
Fitting and valve losses use the standard K-value method (h = K·V²/2g), with published reference K-values per fitting type. Water density and viscosity are temperature-interpolated from standard reference tables.